9 Kubernetes Security Best Practices

Update to the latest version

There are not only bug fixes in each quarterly release [of Kubernetes] but also new security features. To take advantage of them, we recommend working with the latest stable version.
Updates and support may be more difficult than the new features offered in releases, so plan your updates at least once a quarter. Significantly simplify updates can use the providers of managed Kubernetes-solutions.

Enable role-based access control (RBAC)

Use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) to control who can access the Kubernetes API and what rights they have. Usually, RBAC is enabled by default in Kubernetes version 1.6 and later (or later for some providers), but if you have been updated since then and did not change the configuration, you should double-check your settings.

However, enabling RBAC is not enough - it still needs to be used effectively. In the general case, rights to the entire cluster (cluster-wide) should be avoided, giving preference to rights in certain namespaces. Avoid giving someone cluster administrator privileges even for debugging - it is much safer to grant rights only when necessary and from time to time.

If the application requires access to the Kubernetes API, create separate service accounts. And give them the minimum set of rights required for each use case. This approach is much better than giving too much privilege to the default account in the namespace.

Use namespaces to set security boundaries

Creating separate namespaces is important as the first level of component isolation. It is much easier to adjust security settings — for example, network policies — when different types of workloads are deployed in separate namespaces.

Separate sensitive workloads

A good practice to limit the potential consequences of compromise is to run workloads with sensitive data on a dedicated set of machines. This approach reduces the risk of a less secure application accessing the application with sensitive data running in the same container executable environment or on the same host. For example, a kubelet of a compromised node usually has access to the contents of secrets only if they are mounted on pods that are scheduled to be executed on the same node. If important secrets can be found on multiple cluster nodes, the attacker will have more opportunities to get them.

Separation can be done using node pools (in the cloud or for on-premises), as well as Kubernetes controlling mechanisms, such as namespaces, taints, tolerations, and others.

Protect access to cloud service metadata

Sensitive metadata - for example, kubelet administrative credentials, can be stolen or used with malicious intent to escalate privileges in a cluster. For example, a recent find within Shopify’s bug bounty showed in detail how a user could exceed authority by receiving metadata from a cloud provider using specially generated data for one of the microservices.

The GKE metadata concealment function changes the mechanism for deploying the cluster in such a way that avoids such a problem. And we recommend using it until a permanent solution is implemented.

Create and define cluster network policies

Network Policies - allow you to control access to the network in and out of containerized applications. To use them, you must have a network provider with support for such a resource. For managed Kubernetes solution providers such as Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), support will need to be enabled.

Once everything is ready, start with simple default network policies - for example, blocking (by default) traffic from other namespaces.

Set the Pod Security Policy for the cluster

Pod Security Policy sets the default values ​​used to start workloads in the cluster. Consider defining a policy and enabling the Pod Security Policy admission controller: the instructions for these steps vary depending on the cloud provider or deployment model used.

In the beginning, you might want to disable the NET_RAW capability in containers to protect yourself from certain types of spoofing attacks.

Work on node security

To improve host security, you can follow these steps:

• Ensure that the host is securely and correctly configured.
  One way is CIS Benchmarks; Many products have an auto checker that automatically checks the system for compliance with these standards.
• Monitor the network availability of important ports.
  Ensure that the network is blocking access to the ports used by kubelet, including 10250 and 10255. Consider restricting access to the Kubernetes API server - with the exception of trusted networks. In clusters that did not require authentication and authorization in the kubelet API, attackers used to access to such ports to launch cryptocurrency miners.
• Minimize administrative access to Kubernetes hosts.
  Access to cluster nodes should in principle be limited: for debugging and solving other problems, as a rule, you can do without direct access to the node.

Enable Audit Logging

Make sure that audit logs are enabled and that you are monitoring for the occurrence of unusual or unwanted API calls in them, especially in the context of any authorization failures - such entries will have a message with the “Forbidden” status. Authorization failures can mean that an attacker is trying to take advantage of the credentials obtained.

Managed solution providers (including GKE) provide access to this data in their interfaces and can help you set up notifications in case of authorization failures.